Impact of english in the arab world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effect of english in the Bedouin world - Essay Example Essentially, there exists a consistent comprehension among people that the utilization of English in correspondence helps in improving economic wellbeing in various nations. Thus, the administrations have put forth attempts in improving English in the nations through various methods, for example, embracing exacting state control of the instructive frameworks (Ramaswami, Sarraf and Haydon 71). Concerning training in the Arab nations, English has been made an essential language in the instruction frameworks. The purpose behind creation the English language is a result of the inclination that English improves profession prospects the people communicating in different dialects might not have their insightful works distributed all through the world. Moreover, English may draw in light of a legitimate concern for other exceptionally regarded western nations, for example, the United States and the United Kingdom (Ramaswami, Sarraf and Haydon 86). Through English language, the Arab world has had the option to impart the instructive assets to the remainder of the world. This thusly has empowered the Arabic speakers into appreciating the usage of investigated materials of various forms and upgrading the simplicity in their training. The training in the Arab world has likewise had the option to formalize through the English language to a huge degree for example, permitting people fo r usage of the web and other advanced media fundamentally customized in English. People of various ages have indicated enthusiasm for contemplating the English language because of the rising needs around the world. Additionally, a few foundations have been built up to offer instruction on the English language, for example, the AMIDEAST. English language has credited to improved presentation of the customary media that chiefly utilize English language as the medium. For example, there is higher introduction of TV in urban locales consequently; the individuals are presented to progressively English in such

Conflicts In The Nile Basin History Essay

Clashes In The Nile Basin History Essay The Nile is the longest waterway on the planet, it is 6860 km long, it is provided by two extraordinary stream frameworks, the first one is the White Nile (in the Lake Plateau) which is encircled by Kenya, Uganda, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, a Burundi; and the other one is the Blue Nile (in Eritrea and the Ethiopian good countries); while in the north there are Egypt and Sudan that get their water from the recently referenced sources. The Nile River had an incredible job in impacting the world forever on its banks, a great deal of human advancements and countries were made on them; The Nile Basin comprises of 10 countries which are: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi with an absolute populace of 300 millions and it is relied upon to be multiplied in the following a quarter century, the bowl itself is 3,000,000 Km square that covers about 10% of the African landmass territory; There is no uncertainty that with the expanding of populace, the water prerequisite is additionally expanded notwithstanding the water that is required for horticulture and vitality creation. It is may likewise be imperative to realize that all the bowl countries are extremely poor perhaps the most unfortunate on the planet (aside from Kenya and Egypt) and that destitution builds paces of infection and starvation. As per the particulars of the understanding that was made in 1929 between Britain (the provincial intensity of Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya, Egypt and Sudan have indisputably the option to utilize 100% of the Niles water, while in 1959 there was another among Sudan and Egypt. Since 1992 a great deal of endeavors were applied to push the bowl countries towards advancement and collaboration, lastly in 1999 there was the foundation of the NBI (Nile Basin Initiative), it was created by the World Bank, Canadian International Development Agency and the United Nations Development Program, it was built up to diminish the strain between those countries and to assist them with developing and addition territorial dependability by controlling and arranging the water assets all together. Any administration of any stream bowl on the planet is mind boggling, while the Nile Basin might be viewed as the most perplexing one as a result of its history of neediness, penances, wars and instability, and then again, the quick and non-stoppable populace development on its banks that without a doubt builds water and vitality necessities, and that is the reason the NBI must have an incredible job in dealing with every one of those difficulties and guarantee the participation between all the countries. As of late the contentions turned out to be considerably increasingly forceful between the Nile bowl countries when 4 Nile countries which are Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda have together consented to an arrangement that permits them to utilize more measures of Nile waters being developed activities and water system, in the mean time Egypt and Sudan didnt concur and they persuaded Burundi, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya of not consenting to on that arrangement. Conversation: The Challenge: The Nile Basin comprises of 10 countries which are: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi with a complete populace of 300 millions and it is relied upon to be multiplied in the following a quarter century, the bowl itself is 3,000,000 Km square that covers about 10% of the African landmass region; There is no uncertainty that with the expanding of populace, the water prerequisite is additionally expanded notwithstanding the water that is required for farming and vitality creation. The River Nile is 6672 km long and it is the second longest waterway in the entire world, and it is provided by 2 primary sources, the first originates from Lake Victoria and structures the White Nile that goes through Uganda and finishes in Sudan while the subsequent source is in the Ethiopian good countries and structures the Blue Nile that meets the White Nile at Khartoum then it proceeds with northward to go through Egypt and closures into the Mediterranean Sea. The River Nile for Egypt is everything; People in Egypt has consistently been associated with the Nile from the day of their introduction to the world till the snapshot of their passing; Historically, in the fifth century B.C. Herodotus portrayed Egypt as the endowment of the Nile, and after Nasser fabricated the dam at Aswan, the association was fortified to an ever increasing extent, Egypt relies for the most part upon the River Nile as a water gracefully and with the fast increment in populace, the water requests become more. In 1929 an understanding was held among Britain and Egypt and another in1959 that was held among Egypt and Sudan, both have given the downstream countries their regular right of the Niles waters, development of dams was affirmed and the water was partitioned as follows: Egypt has forty eight billions cubic meters, Sudan has four billions, and thirty 2,000,000 will end into the Mediterranean Sea; presently that was worthy then in light of the fact that the remainder of the upstream nations were not created, and their populace was generally low, today those nations need to create and they have to grow new undertakings and build dams and that would be a high danger to the downstream countries as the downstream countries need to renegotiate about the old arrangement, then again, Egypt has wouldn't renegotiate and thinks about a lot of water a characteristic right and got readied for any military activity as Egypt is known as the most remarkable military force in Africa. Egypt gets 97.5% of the Niles water and Sudan gets 77%, in any case, it is essential to clarify that the water circulation between the Nile Nations is reasonable as a result of the accompanying: The 7 upstream countries are situated in moist territories they have precipitation normal range from 1250 to 1500mm every year, then again it is 500mm in Sudan and Eritrea while it isn't more than 15mm in Egypt every year. Egypts atmosphere is hyper dry with high temperature that will cause quick dissipation and will cause checked misfortunes of water assets in Egypt. The upstream countries get around 1500 billion cubic meters each year while then again Egypt gets just 85 cubic billion meters each year and that rises to 5-7% of the complete water assets. The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) In 1999 the Nile Basin Initiative was set up and created by the World Bank, CIDA, and the UNDP, it was built up so as to diminish the contentions and the pressures between the Nile bowl countries and help them to coordinate and build up the water assets of the Nile. It was upheld by a great deal of contributors including Denmark, Canada, Germany, Japan, Finland, Italy, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, the US, Swede, the African Development Bank, GEF, FAO, the World Bank and UNDP. The NBI has expressed that they can make fruitful 100% improvement that will prompt more food and vitality creation, advancement of industry, improvement of transportation, and other local exercises improvement. The tasks of the NBI incorporate angling ventures, the executives of water, the executives of the floods, decrease of the contamination, lastly controlling the waterborne ailments. The executives of water assets is viewed as an intricate procedure in any stream bowl, and on the off chance that you understood that the Nile bowl has consistently been described by neediness, water shortage, colossal populace, and long history of wars and uncertainty then you will see how mind boggling and troublesome it very well may be. NBI realized that helpful advancement is the main route for the best outcomes and most extreme advantages to the entirety of the Niles bowl countries, the NBI gives the common vision and a base for agreeable turn of events, and its essential targets are: Building up the water assets of the Nile Basin in an impartial manner so as to guarantee: Security Flourishing Harmony Guarantee the ideal utilization of the Nile Basin water assets Guarantee joint activity and participation between all the Nile Basin countries Dispose of destitution and improve financial renaissance Changing the arrangement enthusiastically and the fantasy to a reality Struggle in the Nile Basin In Entebbe, Uganda, 14-2-2010, 4 upriver countries which are Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda have begun and consented to an arrangement that permits them to have greater administration of the Nile waters to utilize them being developed ventures and water system. That understanding was made while the exchanges with the downstream countries were halt; then again the response of the downstream countries was not sending any designations yet they have utilized discretion in persuading Burundi, Kenya, Eritrea, and Congo not to consent to on that arrangement. The 7 upstream countries currently consider the old arrangements out of line and request more water to be utilized for water system and improvement ventures. Egypt cleared that participation between the Nile Basin countries is the best way to accomplish most extreme advantages and that the upstream countries can utilize the water assets they as of now have (precipitation), in any case, the upstream countries are compromising that they would consent to another arrangement that will bar Sudan and Egypt and disseminate the Nile waters in another manner; that understanding is viewed as a capital punishment to all the Egyptians, and that was what caused Egypt to declare that it will make whichever move might be discovered important to make sure about its offer in the River Nile. Another significant truth to be referenced is that Israel is taking an interest in building dams in Uganda on the Nile waters and that expands the concerns and the strain of the Egyptians. It is matter of time for Sudan and Egypt to determine their response against that new understanding, and they need to make a genuine demonstration to ensure their privileges of the Niles water; each nation needs to pay everything to secure its national security. Arrangements and proposals: Bowl countries are relying upon one another, they are completely connected to the River Nile, if Nile countries have coordinated and overseen Nile waters all together, collaboration will be made among them and clashes between them will be settled, and provincial stabili

Headings For Comparisons in Essays

Headings For Comparisons in EssaysWhen you are studying or reading a great essay, one thing that is commonly written about is how to compare topics in an essay. It is a common mistake to write this in a way that you assume the reader will already be familiar with. As such, it is important to give them a heads up that you will be examining their understanding of the topic and making the comparison by yourself so they are no longer confused by your research.One of the most common questions asked by beginning college students and instructors alike is how to compare topics in an essay. It is always recommended to give them a heads up so they do not get confused by your research. With this in mind, let us examine the two different styles of headings for your essay to better understand this question. We will also give you the perfect method on how to incorporate them together for maximum effectiveness.The style of headings that beginning college students and instructors typically opt for a re those that are constructed around a particular topic. It is called the thesis statement. The advantages of using this style of heading is that it keeps your reader in mind, and they are bound to be able to follow your argument.An advantage to this style of heading is that you can change it whenever you wish, so it can always be relevant. For example, if you get tired of writing an essay on photography, and decide to switch the heading to the phrase 'the importance of photography' and then write the essay. It will be a lot easier for the reader to follow your argument, and when you switch subjects or begin a new essay you can simply begin a new heading and have it apply to the new topic.The second style ofheading is one that aims to form a grouping, in order to make the main points of your topic stand out. The advantage of using this heading style is that it does not use the subject of the text, which means it is easier to think of when you are writing your essay. The advantage of this style of heading is that it is more complex and can be very difficult to follow at times. This is why a lot of beginning students tend to shy away from it as they feel it is a complicated style of heading.However, there is one thing that you need to remember when comparing topics in an essay, and that is that the title should still make sense in relation to the main points of the essay. Most of the time the thesis statement is found in the main body of the essay. Using a heading that requires you to directly link your main points will result in your reader skipping the thesis statement altogether.The best way to figure out which heading is best for you when comparing topics in an essay is to find out which type of heading you are most comfortable with. Then find out which type of heading is most effective in giving your reader information that they need in order to make an educated decision when it comes to understanding your overall argument. With these two styles, you can ea sily write an essay that is both effective and enjoyable to read.Writing essays is easier than you think. You just need to know how to compare topics in an essay and use the right headings to make the job easy.

Market Stock And Bond Analysis Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3919 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Capital Market is the market that facilitate buying and selling of securities such as stocks / shares and bonds or debentures. It is a place where business enterprises and governments raise their long term funds. The two major functions of capital market are liquidity and pricing securities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Market Stock And Bond Analysis Example For Free" essay for you Create order Capital Market consists of EQUITY MARKETS or STOCK MARKET, which provide financing through the issuance of shares, and enable the subsequent trading thereof and DEBT MARKETS or BOND MARKET, which provide financing through the issuance of bonds, and enable the subsequent trading thereof. The main difference between the two markets is the amount of risk and the return involved with stock and shares. Equity or stock market is governed by high risk and return, while debt market is a bit secured than the equity market. There are two types of capital market i.e. Primary market and Secondary market. Primary market: It is that market in which shares, debentures and other securities are sold for the first time for collecting long-term capital. This market is concerned with new issues. Therefore, the primary market is also called NEW ISSUE MARKET. In this market, the flow of funds is from savers to borrowers (industries), hence, it helps directly in the capital formation of the country. The money collected from this market is generally used by the companies to modernize the plant, machinery and buildings, for extending business, and for setting up new business unit. Secondary Market: The secondary market is that market in which the buying and selling of the previously issued securities is done. The transactions of the secondary market are generally done through the medium of stock exchange. The chief purpose of the secondary market is to create liquidity in securities. Analysis A primary market follows a particular trend, i.e. bull market and bear market. In bull market an investors buy in order to increase capital gains in the future whereas in a bear market an investors anticipate losses thus they are obliged to sell. When the Gross Domestic product and stock prices GDP Price fluctuation is an important tendency of an open market. Secondary market is affected by the change in primary market trend. Analysis and performance of Stocks: Stock Shares or stock are basically the certificate of ownership of the company. These are the one which are traded in the market. There are two types of stock i.e. common stock and preferred stock. Both these stock represent a partial ownership interest in the firm. Preferred stock has certain priority over the common stock they are generally paid fixed dividends. When a company becomes bankrupt they have an advantage of getting paid. Preferred shares do not have nay maturity date thus, they have more interest rate risk than bonds. The stock market is basically the trading groundÂÂ  capital market investmentÂÂ  in the Companys stocks, Derivatives, and other securities. The trading in stock market is either done physically i.e. through the open outcry or through online transactions. An investor can invest i.e. buy or sell any stock as per his choice. Analysis and performance: The analysis of stock is done by considering the fundamental factors i.e. macroeconomics information, industry news and firms financial statements. Stocks are analysed through two different methods of analysis i.e. Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis. Fundamental Analysis: This analysis includes the economic, Industry and company analysis of the stock. Economic Analysis: It is generally noted that the stocks performance depends on the market influence that affects all stock indexes such as Dow Jones industrial average and SP 500 stock indexes. While analysing the stock prices the analyst must consider the economic conditions of the market or country. The investor should decide the time when he can invest in stock as per the economic conditions of the nation. The analyst must consider the systematic risk before investing in the stock as the prices of market are highly influenced by the economic conditions. It is important for an analyst to forecast the short tem as wel l as the long term economic conditions before making the investment decision. Short term forecast refers to four to five years ahead whereas long term investment refers to more than five years of the forecasting. The Indexes of Economic Indicators: The economic indicators are classified on the basis of cyclic timings i.e. leading, roughly coincident or lagging. The leading indicators are those time series of data that historically research their high points and low points in advance of total economic activity. Roughly coincident indicators reach their peaks at approximately same time as the economy and lagging indicators reached their turning point when economy has already turned in. To consider the economic factors we should also look into the GDP, disposal income, demographic factors and demand as these also affect the stock process. Industry Analysis: The stocks of different industries react differently to the market condition. Cyclic stocks are more likely to get rec overed than the defensive stock. Cyclic stocks are tied up closely with the economic condition. For Industry analysis one should use the competitive strategy analysis. The key characteristics in an Industry Analysis is done by analysing past sales and past earnings performance of the industry, permanence, attitude of government towards the industry, labour conditions, competitive conditions, Industry life cycle. These are the several factors used for industry analysis. There are quite a lot of external sources of information for industry analysis such as Federal government, Investment services which includes the data in respect to Standards and Poors; the value line, Forbes, trade publications, funk and Scott index. Company Analysis: For the analysis of the stock prices of a company, it is very important to do study about the company. One need to know the performance of the company from last few years, financial analysis of last few years performance, growth rates of the compa ny for last several years. The investor has to analyse the price to book ratio, return on assets and return on equity. The analysts tried to compute and analyse the financial health of the company by the above factors which will help in analysing the stock and value of the company. The analyst should also analyse and forecast the earnings of the company will helps in analysing the return of the stock. The regression and correlation analysis is also done in forecasting. To analyse the performance of the company trend analysis is used which utilizes regression analysis. Technical Analysis of Stock: Technical analysis looks for the recurring patterns of the stock prices and its movement so that the price of the stock can be analysed. The technical analysis is done through wide range of graphs. The graphs used for technical analysis are as under: Line graphs; Bar graphs; Candlestick graphs; Point and figure charts; Market profiles; Moving averages; Oscillators, such as relative strength indicators, stochastics, and moving average convergence and divergence indicators. Charts of Price Patterns: To analyse the stock movements, technicians rely on charts or graphs of price movements and on relative strength analysis. According to the technicians, the prices of stock follow a trend and the prices of the stock are analysed can be recognized by the same. The prices of stock generally depend on the forces of supply and demand which helps the technicians to predict the likely direction of future movements. The stock is analysed through its trendline, which shows the way in which the stock is moving. If demand is increasing more rapidly than supply and the stock shows successively higher low points, it is in an uptrend whereas lower highs indicate that supply is increasing more rapidly, and the stock is in a downtrend. An investor buys a stock when the stock follows an upward trend. Line chart: Line charts are the simplest form of chart. It consists of the line connecting series of points which indicate the prices of the shares. It can be drawn on linear as well as logarithm scale. Logarithm scales are used when the price use through wide ranges. Bar charts: This chart is used to present the economic data. This chart depicts the periodic low and high and closing prices of the stock or security. There is a vertical line which connects the periods high and low prices, with a cross mark indicating the price at the close of the period. This chart is useful in analysing the daily trading of a particular stock. Point and figure chart: This chart helps in depicting the increase and decrease in price of the stock. X represents the prices increase and the O represents the price decline. Xs and Os are never shown in the same column. As soon as there is a reversal in the price of the stock the analysts moves to the next column for a new entry. Candle Stick Chart: This chart shows a stocks open, close, high and low in a modified three dimensional format. Horizontal axis depicts the passage of time whereas vertical axis shows the stock price. The white candles in the chart depict stock advances, with black candle representing declines. The thick portion of an entry is called the real body and the vertical line represents the wick. Risk in the Stock Market The stock market keeps fluctuating. The price movements of the stock are random and it required lot of study and analysis to study the performance of the stock. They are quite vulnerable to the economic conditions, speculation, press release, rumors and mass panic. The stock market prices may be very volatile due to the occurrences of the fast market changing events. Analysis and performance of Bonds: Bond A bond is a debt capital market instrument issued by a borrower, who is then required to repay to the lender/investor the amount borrowed plus interest, over a specified period of time. Bonds are also known as fixed income instruments, or fixed interest instruments in the sterling markets. Usually bonds are considered to be those debt securities with terms to maturity of over one year. Debt issued with a maturity of less than one year is considered to be money market debt. There are many different types of bonds that can be issued. The most common bond is the conventional (or plain vanilla or bullet) bond. This is a bond paying regular (annual or semi-annual) interest at a fixed rate over a fixed period to maturity or redemption, with the return of principal (the par or nominal value of the bond) on the maturity date. All other bonds will be variations on this. A bond is therefore a financial contract, in effect an IOU from the person or body that has issued the bond. Unlike sha res or equity capital, bonds carry no ownership privileges. An investor who has purchased a bond and thereby lent money to an institution will have no voice in the affairs of that institution and no vote at the annual general meeting. The bond remains an interest-bearing obligation of the issuer until it is repaid, which is usually the maturity date of the bond. The issuer can be anyone from a private individual to a sovereign government. Bond investment is different from that of stock investment. Bond investment is investing in the debt instrument that is issued by a company or government. The bond investor is actually lending money to the company while in return is promised to be paid the full principal amount plus a fixed periodic payout. The yield on the bond is calculated by putting together the final principal and total payouts received. The yield is the effective interest rate for the tenure of the bond. Analysis and performance of bond: For the analysis of bonds several arithmetical methods are used. The concepts of simple and compound interest, time vale of money, future and present value of bonds or securities are used to analyze the bonds. Simple and compound interest The value of money what we invest or receive today is not the same as we get in future. The amount of money will be different as the amount invested will bear a rate of interest. Through the different rate of interests given on a particular security using the time value one can analyse the future of the money invested. Simple interest A loan that has one interest payment on maturity is accruing simple interest. On short-term instruments there is usually only the one interest payment on maturity, hence simple interest is received when the instrument expires. FV = PV(1 + r) (2.1) Where, FV is the terminal value or future value PV is the initial investment or present value r is the interest rate. Compound Interest A loan has different interest amount on maturity. The principle amount is compounded and the interest is applied on the compounded amount. FV = PV (1 + r)n where r is the periodic rate of interest (expressed as a decimal) n is the number of periods for which the sum is invested. Time value of Money: The concept of time value of money is applied to analyze the present and the future value of the bond or any other security. Present value can be calculated when the future value of the amount is given along with the rate of interest or vice versa. Bond Indices Bonds are always approaching in maturity, and because some are redeemed early, the set of bonds in a basket changes more frequently than the shares in an equity index. Considering a hypothetical international ten-year benchmark index, as a bond falls to less than say eight years maturity, it may be replaced by the current ten-year benchmark bond. This will have different risk characteristics to the bond it replaced and will trade differently in the market as a result. As the constituents of a bond index have to change more frequently, we may not always be comparing like-for-like when we consider historical index values. There is also the issue of bond coupon payments, which make up a significant proportion of a bonds overall return, and which must therefore be incorporated in the index valuation. Nevertheless bond indices are important for the same reason that equity indices are, and form the benchmark against which fund managers performance is measured. Price of Bond: Price of a bond is equal to the present value of its cash flows. A vanilla bonds cash flows are the interest payments or coupons that are paid during the life of the bond, together with the final redemption payment. It is possible to determine the cash flows with certainty only for conventional bonds of a fixed maturity. So for example, we do not know with certainty what the cash flow are for bonds that have embedded options and can be redeemed early. The coupon payments for conventional bonds are made annually, semi-annually or quarterly. Some bonds pay monthly interest. Therefore a conventional bond of fixed redemption date is made up of an annuity (its coupon payments) and the maturity payment. If the coupon is paid semi-annually, this means exactly half the coupon is paid as interest every six months. The interest rate that is used to discount a bonds cash flows (therefore called the discount rate) is the rate required by the bondholder. It is therefore known as the bonds yield. The yield on the bond will be determined by the market and is the price demanded by investors for buying it, which is why it is sometimes called the bonds return. The required yield for any bond will depend on a number of political and economic factors, including what yield is being earned by other bonds of the same class. Yield is always quoted as an annualised interest rate, so that for a semi annually paying bond exactly half of the annual rate is used to discount the cash flows. The fair price of a bond is the present value of all its cash flows. Therefore when pricing a bond we need to calculate the present value of all the coupon interest payments and the present value of the redemption payment, and sum these. In most markets bonds are generally traded on the basis of their prices but because of the complicated patterns of cash flows that different bonds can have, they are generally compared in terms of their yields. This means that a market-maker will usually qu ote a two-way price at which she will buy or sell a particular bond, but it is the yield at which the bond is trading that is important to the market-makers customer. This is because a bonds price does not actually tell us anything useful about what we are getting. Remember that in any market there will be a number of bonds with different issuers, coupons and terms to maturity. Even in a homogeneous market such as the gilt market, different gilts will trade according to their own specific characteristics. To compare bonds in the market therefore we need the yield on any bond and it is yields that we compare, not prices. A fund manager quoted a price at which she can buy a bond will be instantly aware of what yield that price represents, and whether this yield represents fair value. So it is the yield represented by the price that is the important figure for bond traders. For analysing the yield one need to calculate the current yield, simple yield to maturity, yield to maturity. Price/Yield Relationship Plain vanilla bonds the coupon is fixed, therefore it is the price of the bond that will need to fluctuate to reflect changes in market yields. It is useful sometimes to plot the relationship between yield and price for a bond. A typical price/yield profile is a convex curve. To reiterate, for a plain vanilla bond with a fixed coupon, the price is the only variable that can change to reflect changes in the market environment. When the coupon rate of a bond is equal to the market rate, the bond price will be par (100). If the required interest rate in the market moves above a bonds coupon rate at any point in time, the price of the bond will adjust downward in order for the bondholder to realise the additional return required. Similarly if the required yield moves below the coupon rate, the price will move up to equate the yield on the bond to the market rate. As a bond will redeem at par, the capital appreciation realised on maturity acts as compensation when the coupon rate is low er than the market yield. Yield-to-maturity yield curve The most commonly occurring yield curve is the yield to maturity yield curve. The curve itself is constructed by plotting the yield to maturity against the term to maturity for a group of bonds of the same class. Bonds used in constructing the curve will only rarely have an exact number of whole years to redemption; however it is often common to see yields plotted against whole years on the x-axis. This is because once a bond is designated the benchmark for that term, its yield is taken to be the representative yield. The yield to maturity yield curve is the most commonly observed curve simply because yield to maturity is the most frequent measure of return used. Since market rates will fluctuate over time, it will not be possible to achieve this (a feature known as reinvestment risk). Only zero-coupon bondholders avoid reinvestment risk as no coupon is paid during the life of a zero-coupon bond. The yield to maturity yield curve does not distinguish between different payment pa tterns that may result from bonds with different coupons, that is, the fact that low-coupon bonds pay a higher portion of their cash flows at a later date than high-coupon bonds of the same maturity. The curve also assumes an even cash flow pattern for all bonds. Therefore in this case cash flows are not discounted at the appropriate rate for the bonds in the group being used to construct the curve. To get around this bond analysts may sometimes construct a coupon yield curve, which plots yield to maturity against term to maturity for a group of bonds with the same coupon. This may be useful when a group of bonds contains some with very high coupons; high coupon bonds often trade cheap to the curve, that is they have higher yields, than corresponding bonds of same maturity but lower coupon. This is usually because of reinvestment risk and, in some markets (including the UK), for tax reasons. The coupon yield curve The coupon yield curve is a plot of the yield to maturity against term to maturity for a group of bonds with the same coupon. If we were to construct such a curve we would see that in general high-coupon bonds trade at a discount (have higher yields) relative to low-coupon bonds, because of reinvestment risk and for tax reasons. It is frequently the case that yields vary considerably with coupon for the same term to maturity, and with term to maturity for different coupons. Put another way, usually we observe different coupon curves not only at different levels but also with different shapes. Distortions arise in the yield to maturity curve if no allowance is made for coupon differences. For this reason bond analysts frequently draw a line of best fit through a plot of redemption yields, because the coupon effect in a group of bonds will produce a curve with humps and troughs. The figure below shows a hypothetical set of coupon yield curves, however since in any group of bonds it i s unusual to observe bonds with the same coupon along the entire term structure this type of curve is relatively rare. The par yield curve The par yield curve is not usually encountered in secondary market trading, however it is often constructed for use by corporate financiers and others in the new issues or primary market. The par yield curve plots yield to maturity against term to maturity for current bonds trading at par. The par yield is therefore equal to the coupon rate for bonds priced at par or near to par, as the yield to maturity for bonds priced exactly at par is equal to the coupon rate. Those involved in the primary market will use a par yield curve to determine the required coupon for a new bond that is to be issued at par. This is because investors prefer not to pay over par for a new-issue bond, so the bond requires a coupon that will result in a price at or slightly below par. The par yield curve can be derived directly from bond yields when bonds are trading at or near par. If bonds in the market are trading substantially away from par then the resulting curve will be distorted. It is then necessary to derive it by iteration from the spot yield curve. As we would observe at almost any time, it is rare to encounter bonds trading at par for any particular maturity. The market therefore uses actual non-par vanilla bond yield curves to derive zero-coupon yield curves and then constructs hypothetical par yields that would be observed were there any par bonds being traded. Risk in the Bond Market Capital market risk in the bond market arises due to interest rate changes. There is an inverse relationship existing between the interest rate and the price of the bond. Hence the bond prices are sensitive to the monetary policy of the country as well as economic changes. Summary

Lord Of Flies By William Golding - 1978 Words

Have you ever gone out into the wild camping with some friends or even your family? If you have chances are you felt like you and your companions were founding a new city or civilization of some sort. It probably was exciting and fun to go through and think about how you could survive for much longer than you had to in those elements. It probably also was really cool to just live in the wild and feel as if you were away from everyone else, as if you were surviving on your own. More than likely if you have ever had these types of thoughts you probably went back and did it time and time again. You might have even thought about running away and living off the land for fun, leaving everything you have and are protected by behind. If you’ve†¦show more content†¦Upon reading and analyzing the book it’s easy to see some very key factors that led to this madness; first Jack wanted more power than he was allotted causing him to become very jealous, second the boys didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t have any respect for their true leader, and lastly they weren’t willing to work together and forgot who they were. The first thing that went terribly wrong in this story about young adventures is the fact that Jack was not elected the group leader and he got very jealous very fast. Upon realizing exactly who was still alive from the crash and what supplies they had the boys decided that they would elect a leader for their group. This is a very smart plan because in all societies around our world there is a leader of some kind. The two boys who were thought of when electing a leader were Ralph and Jack, both older boys with an act of leadership. 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Essay on Developing and Maintaining Safe Schools - 1507 Words

Developing and Maintaining Safe Schools There is no greater challenge that exists today than creating safe schools. It is difficult for children to learn in an environment that is unsafe and when they feel at risk. It is hard to keep staff on task when they fear for their own safety. One out of twelve students who stay away from school do so because of fear. In an ideal world, you would like to prevent all school crime and ensure the safety of students and each staff member. There are so many things outside the control of the school administrator that such a task is almost impossible. To predict the potentially disruptive†¦show more content†¦It is about the art of the possible. It is about creativity. It requires only the ability to get started. It is not limited by special restraints or a set of guidelines. Each community has the opportunity to shape the type of schoo l climate it wants to create. 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Essay for Religion and Law in Contemporary Public Disclosure

Question: Write about theEssay for Religion and Law in Contemporary Public Disclosure. Answer: Australia is a multicultural society and it also embraces its diverse population and even propagates the same. Each individual is given the right to live in a free manner, as per the drawn rules, and included in this freedom is the freedom of religion. When it particularly comes to the minority communities, they have been granted different minority rights in order them to follow their culture and religion (Huxley, 2012). However, a public sphere debate with regards to the policies of the state, with a specific reference to the religious communities revolves around abortion and family planning (Bottoni, Cristofori and Ferrari, 2016). This discussion is focused upon this very issue and so the focus would be on the debates revolving around policies of the state, and how they clash/ interplay/ collide with the religious communities view point about family planning and abortion. Each religion is unique and it follows its each teachings and own beliefs. These beliefs can often clash up with the policies which have been drawn by the state, even when these policies make a strict attempt to avoid such conflict. This is not only true for Australia, but across the globe. For instance, lets take an example of Islam in Singapore. As a result of the long-standing Malay problem, as a result of which Malay Singaporeans were socially and economically backward, the government brought out urban and economic planning in its family policies and that of the culture as well. This was meant to upgrade the population, particularly its health and education. The authorities of the nation regard the shapeless multiculturalism and individualism as an aspect of western decadence and this is contrasted by the Confucian Asias moral superiority. Hence, the up-gradation was a self assumed responsibility of the state for intervening directly in the different areas like family life, repro duction, moral and religion. The strategy of the nation towards the Muslim population is put in a nutshell in the MUIS, i.e., the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura, along with the related policies meant for improving upon the Muslim education, modernizing the Sharia laws and courts and not only improving but regulating the Muslim family life as well. But such regulations are what prove the concept of secularism is not upheld by the states. By interfering with the religion of the individuals, the state does not remain separated from it (Barbalet, Possamai and Turner, 2013). Taking an example of Israel, where a pro-natalist policy is maintained when it comes to reproductive care. In Israel, the state provides the health care and also the continuum through childbirth from family planning services. The majority of the reproductive care is funded through the Health Funds by the government. The reproductive care policy of the nation reflects the social, religious and cultural norms of Jews regarding fertility (Glenn, 2010). The Jewish culture is engrained in the personal desire for motherhood and parenthood, which is strengthened through the historical persecution of Jews in Diaspora and the genocide carried on against the people in Holocaust. And so, the pro-natalist approach of the nation is supported through the legislation which regulates the IVF, i.e., vitro fertilization, the use of semen when it comes to IVF fertilization, ova extraction, the allocation and donation of ova, and finally the surrogacy agreements. Even the right of an individual to procr eate is properly recognized through the ruling of the Supreme Court and a leading example of this is the case of Nachmani v Nachmani (50(4) PD 661 (Isr)). In this case, the court held that due to the present special circumstances where it was deemed that the right of a woman was superior to the right of the husband to be a father. However, this does not mean that the woman has a full autonomy over her reproductive status. So, the woman does not have the right to terminate pregnancy. The lack of interest with regards to prosecution shows the abortions limited scope in the nation. Apart from funding the authorized abortions, the provisions of family planning information are funded by the State, along with the subsidized contraceptives. So, the case of Israel shows the integration of religion, i.e., of Jews in the State policies, which again shows that there is a no separation between the state and religion, even when this has been done positively (Library of Congress, 2015). Taking an example of India, where the infringement of rights of the individuals, when it comes to abortion and family planning. The Hinduism religion has no bans over the birth control. The Mahabharata which is a key religious scripture of Hindus states that killing embryo is a sin. It also shows Dhritarashtra and Gandhari having 100 children. Another story shows King Yayati where the man is solicited by a fertile woman and does not give into her wishes and is deemed as embryo killer (Sharma, 2015). However, in India there is a policy of having two children which shows the interference of the state with religion (Abbamonte, 2017). If a person conceives third child, the state policy requires them to abort such child, but if such person is Hindu, it would be a sin under their religion. Thus, a question is raised on the validity of freedom of religion in the nation. The state does attempt to justify its stand. Even though fertility is deemed as an important concept, if more than such ch ildren are given birth too, which can be supported by the family, it has to be deemed as Ahimsa, which is a nonviolent rule of conduct (Stacey, 2016). And the population issues have made birth control and family planning, a major ethical issue for the nation. A debate over the church and state separation in US has at its heart, the abortion debate. The Rep, Daniel Lipinski responded to the Conference of Catholic Bishops in US urging for immigration reforms and stated that in his opinion, immigration was not as important an issue, in comparison to other matters. Some of these issues on which the church speaks quite authoritatively is the abortion issue where it deems to protect life. Lipinski deemed this as a prudential judgement informed through Catholic theology which was not something which the Catholics had to follow. He deemed that it was not wrong to exploit the public office when the same is enshrined by the faiths understanding. This was supported by the previous Rep, Dale Kildee, when it came to debates around Affordable Care Act, 2010 (Ross, 2013). The debate around abortion is not about the rights of the women but a debate on the relationship between the government and the religion (Cherif, 2015). The opponents of abortion are j ust open regarding their intent of trampling the church state boundaries (Ross, 2013). UK also has its fair share of religious mix. And it is deemed that religion is a strong and a powerful influence over the attitude and behaviours of the individuals. UK has a large population of Sikhs, where abortion is allowed in exceptional cases, particularly when a serious threat is caused to the health of the woman. When it comes to birth control, the Sikhs have no objection to it. When it comes to abortion in context of Buddhists, their reliance is one reincarnation and this can be seen in the views of abortion of the Buddhists. They also deem that abortion is an act of killing, as is the case with Jews, Hindus and Muslims. Abortion, in short, is deemed as wrong in nearly every religion (FPA, 2016). Abortion in Australia is allowed, particularly arising from family planning. However, due to the nation having a wide spread of different religions, again a conflict is raised as the abortion laws are state laws. Each state has its own policy, which is often deemed as interfering with the religion of a person. So, when the policies are drawn by the state regarding family planning, particularly when a restriction is placed over the number of children one can have, resulting in abortions, an ethical issue is raised, which gives rise to the conflict between the state and the religion, particularly as the concepts of right of religion and secularism are proved wrong. There are some states of the nation where abortion is deemed as legal and some, where it is deemed as a criminal offence. In the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, the ones who identify themselves with a religion, 23% deemed abortion as wrong. So, even when 60% of the national population stated that abortion was acceptab le, the ones with religion in their mind deemed it as a wrong thing and these individuals initiate the state and religion clash debate (CRA, 2017). To summarize the discussion, there is a conflict between religion and the state policies when it comes to the policies associated with abortion and family planning. This is particularly because the religion deems abortion carried on with the purpose of restricted family planning of state as a wrong thing, in any situation. It is deemed as a sin. But when the viewpoint of the state is presented, where the population control is given as the key reason for undertaking such measures, it presents a question of whether the religion, in this aspect should be given supremacy, or should the right of religion, in this aspect, continued to be curbed. References Abbamonte, J. (2017) Indian State Proposes A Two-Child Limit for Government Employees. [Online] Population Research Institute. Available from: https://www.pop.org/indian-state-proposes-a-two-child-limit-for-government-employees/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Barbalet, J., Possamai, A., and Turner, B.S. (2013) Religion and the State: A Comparative Sociology. London: Anthem Press. Bottoni, R., Cristofori, R., and Ferrari, S. (2016) Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism - A Comparative Overview. Berlin: Springer. Cherif, F.M. (2015) Myths about Women's Rights: How, Where, and Why Rights Advance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CRA. (2017) Attitudes to Abortion and Approaches to Ethical Issues. [Online] CRA. Available from: https://cra.org.au/attitudes-to-abortion-and-approaches-to-ethical-issues/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] FPA. (2016) Religion, contraception and abortion factsheet. [Online] FPA. Available from: https://www.fpa.org.uk/factsheets/religion-contraception-abortion [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Glenn, H.P. (2010) Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huxley, A. (2012) Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Oxon: Routledge. Library of Congress. (2015) Israel: Reproduction and Abortion: Law and Policy. [Online] Library of Congress. Available from: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/il-reproduction-and-abortion/israel.php [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Ross, R.D.S. (2013) Congress, Abortion, and the Separation of Church and State. [Online] Rewire. Available from: https://rewire.news/article/2013/09/23/congress-abortion-and-the-separation-of-church-and-state/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Sharma, M. (2015) Hindu Literature Mahabharata: Questions and Answers. Bloomington: Booktango. Stacey, D. (2016) What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning?. [Online] Population Research Institute. Available from: https://www.verywell.com/what-are-religious-views-on-birth-control-906618 [Accessed on: 10/10/11]